Citing fan fiction, fan film and video, ‘filk’ and fan art, amongst others, he argues that these also play a role in “challenging or supplementing those created by the industry in carving out alternative pathways through texts” (2010). Gray also, however, refers to fan-created paratexts. He argues that ‘official’ paratexts such as episode guides, cast and crew interviews, games, trailers and DVD commentaries inform viewers’ knowledge of the text and give us ways of looking, and frames for understanding or engaging, with it (2010). Jonathan Gray, however, believes the paratext “does not stand between reader and text as much as it infringes upon the text, and invades its meaning-making process” (2006). He described the paratext as a form of ‘airlock’ between the reader and the textual world, an influence that “is at the service of a better reception for the text and a more pertinent reading of it” (1997). 2 (2021): 449–60.Literary theorist Gérard Genette defined paratext as those things in a published work (the author's name, preface, illustrations) that accompany the text. “The Paratext of Digital Documents.” Journal of Documentation 77, no.
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